The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 855 Words

The Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimately realizes that she has gained her freedom. This news leads her to an inner battle within herself, as she tries to keep those feelings from coming out. The story culminates when she dies of a heart attack, because she realizes that her husband is not dead and she would be returning to her old pointless existence. This story has many great literary elements that keep the story interesting throughout its plot, by using great foreshadowing and symbolism. â€Å"The story of an Hour† is a basically a story about an inner battle that the main character Louise has to deal with, as she faces living life after her husband Brently has passed away. The story begins with Louise sister Josephine breaking the news of her husband’s death, which was first announced by Richard the family friend. This send an emotionally distressed Louise crying to her room sad at the news of Brentlys death. Once alone Mrs. Mallard started to feel a strange feeling that kept getting greater the more she stared outShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. Through this short story, told in less than one thousand one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josep hine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kat e Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin596 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin focuses on the idea of freedom throughout the story. Mrs. Mallard is a lonely wife who suffers from heart trouble. She is told by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards that her husband has passed away in a train accident. She locks herself in a room expecting to be devastated, but instead feels freedom. Later, she exits her room and her husband walks through the door, causing her to die of a heart attack. Chopin uses this story to demonstrateRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was consideredRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphaned

Essay about The Truth About The Big Two He - 858 Words

While reading Ernest Hemingways short story Big Two Hearted River,; one might think that it is just about a man named Nick Adams returning to Seney, to go camping and fishing. It may not be clear to some readers why the town of Seney is burned down or why Hemingway talks about each of Nicks action in great amount of detail. While first reading the story one might not notice that Hemingway has many symbolic parts, so that he can get the true meaning of the story across to the reader. The story is truly about Nick Adams wanting to get on with his life enjoying to its fullest and putting all of the awful events that have happened to him in the past. When Nick arrives at the town of Seney, he sees that the town is completely burned to†¦show more content†¦He started to walk through the ferns and jack pines and Nick was becoming exceedingly content. Nick was thinking that, amp;#8230;the country was alive again,; (474). Hemingway left the country untouched by the fire because he wanted to show to the readers that Nick was trying to the war behind him and get on with his life trying to enjoy it to its fullest, ;Nick tries to put everything behind him, which is shown by his happiness and excitementamp;#8230;; (Annelie Lewis). When Nick gets to the fishing grounds he does not use normal worm bait he uses, grasshoppers as bait. When Nick got into the river he hooked the grasshopper from the thorax to the last segment of the abdomen. Then grasshopper proceeded to hold the hook with his front feet, while it was spitting tobacco juice on it. Hemingway used the grasshopper as a symbol that when life had Nick down he was just going to get back up and continue to try and not give up. While Nick is fishing he caught a small fish but he ended up letting it go, but soon after he caught another fish which was the biggest one he had ever seen. He tried valiantly to get a hold of the fish and pull it in but he could not and the fish bit through the line and escaped. Hemingway was showing that nothing in this life is easy and it should not put you down, because when the fish got away from Nick, he was not aggravated he smoked his cigarette and continued to fish. HeShow MoreRelated Experiences In A Society From Cat On A Hot Tin Roof Essay650 Words   |  3 Pages Love, Greed, and the Truth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams is a play about the experiences in society. Among these experiences is death, communication, and honesty amongst men. Big Daddy has everything he needs. Brick got everything he wanted as a child. Yet Big Daddy learns later from Brick that there wasn’t one worldly possession that could satisfy Brick’s yearning for love from his father. 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Orwell wrote the novel around the idea of communism/totalitarianism and how society would be like if it were to take place. In Orwell’s mind democracy and communism created two main characters, Winston and Big Brother. Big Brother represents the idea of theRead MoreThe Theme Of Menshonesty In Cat On A Hot Tin Roof1037 Words   |  5 Pagesis plagued by lies and deception. The closing of the second act is one of the most intense and critical moments in the play where Big Daddy finds out his son, Gooper, and daughter-in-law, Mae, have been lying to him about his rapi dly declining health. Just before this gripping climax, however, Big Daddy has an emotional conversation with his youngest son, Brick, about mendacity. This term is central to the plays themes and is mentioned continuously throughout the play. Still, the lies and dishonestiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Journalism On Today s Media916 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems with today’s media, especially in its news coverage, that would negate the benefits of this new era of journalism. The biggest problems with today’s media coverage are the emotion driven bias of news articles and the struggle to report the truth to the general public. Emotion is, and always has been, an easy tool to exploit throughout journalism’s existence and today’s media coverage takes full advantage of that fact. In the article â€Å"Taking Sides in Ferguson†, journalist Noah C. RothmanRead MoreComparing 1984 Vs. V For Vendetta1280 Words   |  6 Pages1984 vs. V for Vendetta: Methods of Control in Two Dystopian Societies â€Å"If you want a picture of The Future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face - forever.† (280) These are the chilling words uttered by O’Brien to Winston Smith towards the end of George Orwell’s dystopian novel, 1984. This statement captures the brutality of Big Brother’s Party as the â€Å"boot† that strives to crush the human spirit. The crushing boot of the State is also apparent in the film V for Vendetta, in which the totalitarianRead MoreCat On A Hot Tin Roof By Tennessee Williams1642 Words   |  7 Pagesfather, Big Daddy, is dying of cancer. The doctor has not told Big Daddy or his wife Big Mama the truth of this yet, although Brick, Maggie, and Brick’s brother Gooper, and Brick’s sister-in-law Mae have all been informed. After Mae and Gooper learn of Big Daddy’s diagnosis, they attempt to take advantage of this, both vying for ownership rights to the family plantation. At the end of the play, Maggie lies to the e ntire family about being pregnant with Brick’s child to try and make sure that Big DaddyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 And Animal Farm 1401 Words   |  6 PagesTitle/Author: 1984/ George Orwell Date of Publication/Genre: 1949/ Dystopian Fiction Biographical information about the author: George Orwell, who was originally Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 in British India. His two greatest novels include 1984 and Animal Farm. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelist of the 20th century. Historical information on the period of publication: During this period, the United Kingdom recognized the republic of Ireland. The United States claimed Israel asRead MoreOrwell s 1984 By George Orwell911 Words   |  4 Pages The â€Å"Orwellian† Truth Have you ever thought you have been led to believe something? Or been shown something, maybe even on purpose, to change your opinion and feel scared to make you feel the need to be protected? In the novel 1984 by George Orwell this is exactly what the government did. Big Brother lied, contradicted himself and would hide reality from the people. All of this to make the people of Oceania would love their government and feel like their government created the best life possibleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1092 Words   |  5 Pagesperfect one. In the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dominant figure in the ways which he controls Oceania. Orwell portrays a society with a government that oversees and influences each facet of human life to the point that even having an unfaithful thought that is in disagreement with the law is forbidden. Big Brother effectively controls Oceania through physical control, psychological control, and control o ver the past and memories. Big Brother uses the method of physical force to successfully

The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video Free Essays

ECE 6613: Broadband Access Networks The Future of IPTV and IP-Video Ji Hwan Kim Georgia Institute of Technology 325050 Georgia Tech Station Atlanta, GA 30332 Abstract— This paper describes the various IPTV architectures and components, which enables large-scale integration of current and future IPTV network. IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services today and global television industry as whole. However, there is pressing need for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is equal to or better than traditional TV services. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent years, we have seen tremendous growth in Information Technology industry with the emergence of smart phone. Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available resources with distributed cloud servers to improve quality of service to the customers. With growing number of smart phone users, IPTV service has become ever more popular in telecommunication companies to provide streaming videos through the different new infrastructures. The biggest competitors in IPTV service in the U. S. are Verizon FioS (FTTP) and ATT U-verse (FTTN) providing triple-play bundle service to the customer. In this paper, we are going to discuss IPTV service architecture difference of Verizon FiOS, ATT U-verse, Cable Company, and Netflix as well as current IPTV research and development to increase quality of experience through multicast and cloud computing. Also we will analyze some of the emerging IPTV application in the future. Key Words — Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Verizon FiOS, ATT U-verse, Multicast Introduction Today’s IPTV services IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services today and global television industry as whole. It is a collection of modern technologies in computing, networking, and storage combined to deliver high quality television contents through IP network. It is becoming a platform which changing how we access information and entertainment. In recent years, we have seen tremendous growth in video and networking technologies with the emergence of smart phone. Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available resources, distributed cloud servers, to improve quality of service to the customers. The figure below [1] is an example of IPTV broadband network inside a home. [pic] Fig. 1. Diagram of IPTV Broadband Network Inside Home. With IPTV service, video contents are not only limited to the TV but can utilize in multiple platforms to enjoy video content anywhere, anytime, and anydevice. IPTV alter the way the customer consume video content like personal video recorders have done and lets customer have complete control of their entertainment experience to a next level. [pic] Fig. 2. U. S. Multichannel Video Subscriber Census Above is a figure of U. S. Multichannel Video Subscriber Census by SNL Kagan [2]. In 2011, the cable industry lost 1. 8 million video subscribers whereas IPTV providers gained 1. 6 million. This shows that IPTV industry is gaining market share on video content provider and it is expected to grow even more. Cable TV delivers entire line-up of broadcast content channels all the time which requires huge amount of bandwidth being delivered all the time into the home and cable companies are moving toward IPTV delivery services to reduce bandwidth on their infrastructure. IPTV architecture is very different in that it only delivers the single channel that is requested by the consumer’s individual TV. Therefore, IPTV architecture can greatly reduce bandwidth by only providing specific request from the consumer at any given time [4]. [pic] Fig. 3. Expected Growth in IPTV subscribers. However, there is pressing need for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is equal to or better than traditional TV services. To provide great quality of experience in IPTV requires almost no packet loss, delay variation of 200ms, and delivery of no more than one perceivable error during a two-hour movie. This constrains and requirements puts heavy burden on service provider to provide reliable and lossless IPTV to customers and requires video admission control. The paper is outlined as follows. In Section II, we overview the different IPTV system and architecture exist today and how service providers are planning to improve their IPTV infrastructure. In Section III we will discuss the multicast protocol in depth and current research from Cisco to deliver IPTV service with multicast protocol. In Section V, we will discuss some of the potential future application that can be seen in near future with IPTV service. IPTV System and architecture IPTV networks generate their video contents for transmission using many clustered components collectively called headends. There are three common types of IPTV headends to meet national, regional and local content distribution requirements. Super Headends (SHE) receives and digests content on the national level typically from satellites. After processing and encoding, the SHEs distribute the national content to video hub offices (VHO) over a core IP/MPLS network. VHOs aggregate national, regional, and local content with the on-demand services, and serve metropolitan areas with a population of between 100,000 to 500,000 homes. VHOs are connected to video switching offices (VSO) over metro aggregation networks. VSOs distributed the IPTV streams to the customer premises over access network. The IPTV architecture is shown in Figure. 4. [pic] Fig. 4. End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The most conventional transport technique for IPTV is to multicast UDP/IP packets with MPEG-2 video compression scheme. The newer standard video architectures use RTP protocol which can provide error repair and stream monitoring unlike UDP protocol. IPTV service have slower channel change time compare to CATV service provider since all the TV channels are broadcasted simultaneously whereas IPTV needs to request certain channel from the provider. IPTV zapping time is affected by several factors such as Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) signaling delay of leaving and joining multicast group, MPEG decoding delay, program specific information (PSI) including program association table (PAT) and program map table (PMT) acquisition delay, random access point (RAP) delay, conditional access system (CAS) key acquisition delay, and de-jittering buffer delay in the STB [4]. More detail of video admission control in IPTV multicast protocol will be discussed in Section III. IPTV service over a packet-switched network demands near zero packet loss and limited jitter. Thus, it is often necessary to enforce traffic management and admission control in IPTV network by sufficient provisioning and resource allocation [4]. More detail on resource allocation through retransmission server to improve IPTV will be discussed in Section III. Telco companies are embracing the IPTV technology since this will open up huge market share with Cable TV companies. Telco companies have been delivering packet-based IP traffic over their xDSL technology for many years and utilizing their existing technology to move to IPTV is a natural choice for them. However, there are great roadblocks to deploy IPTV over DSL which primarily concerned with quality of experience that is equal or better than traditional CATV. Below is the figure of IPTV infrastructure for Telco companies [1]. [pic] Fig. 5. Telco End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The primary difference in Telco companies’ architecture can be seen in red cloud shown in Fig. 5. Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is located in environmentally controlled vaults or huts. It is also called video ready access devices (VRAD), which is placed on lawns or easements or a common space in apartment building. DSLAM often serves 100 to 200 residential gateways (RGs) that are attached to the outside of a residence and various techniques are used to transport signal between DSLAM and RG. Very high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL) for copper and broadband passive optical network (BPON) and gigabit PON (GPON) for giber transport. This metro access segment uses a hub-and-spoke architecture [5]. Cable companies have been utilizing Hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC), combine optical fibers and coaxial cables, network since early 1990s to provide broadband internet access over existing cable TV system and its been employed this protocol globally and Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is the international standard for developing equipment for HFC networks. Cable IPTV architecture is able to evolve from the traditional CATV with simple changes by adding few more components: cable modem (CM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM). The cable companies’ architecture is shown in the figure below. [pic] Fig. 6. Cable Company Network Architecture. The CMTS and CM can provide a bidirectional IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. CMTS can provide media access control (MAC) and physical protocol layer (PHY) in a single device by integrate with DOCSIS however, cable industry is moving toward a modular CMTS (M-CMTS). M-CMTS separates MAC and PHY layers to improve the scalability of DOCSIS transport. The CMTS manages DOCSIS QAM switching and provides QoS over the DOCSIS channel as well as manages residential CMs by dynamically load-balancing CMs among DOCSIS downstream channels to optimize traffic flow. PCMM policy server in DOCSIS networks defines admission control QoS policies by using session managers to request and reserve bandwidth for CMTS to enforce these QoS policies. A. Verizon Fios In 2004, Verizon began deployment of its Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) access network. The initial deployment used the ITU-T G. 983 BPON standard and in 2007, Verizon began using equipment with the ITU-T G. 84 G-PON standard. Fig. 6 below is Verizon’s BPON FTTP architecture diagram describing the connection between Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Terminal (ONT). OLT provides interface between Core network with voice, data, and video signals and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) boosts the [pic] Fig. 6. Verizon BPON FTTP architecture optical video signal. ONT performs t he optical to electrical signal conversion and provide the data, voice, and video service to the subscriber. Wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) combines the three wavelengths onto a single fiber for transmission to the premises. 310nm wavelength is used for upstream traffic and for downstream, 1550nm (broadcast video) and 1490nm (data and voice) are being utilized. Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) cabinet contains 1Ãâ€"32 passive optical splitters. Each subscriber is connected to a dedicated fiber between FHD and the premises. BPON delivers 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream per PON for voice and data through ATM. FiOS provide over 600 channels between 50 to 870 MHz RF signal transmitted over the 1550nm wavelength. [pic] Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS RF spectrum GPON physical architecture is same as BPON however it provides significant improvements over BPON in bandwidth. GPON can provide 2. 5 Gbps downstream and 1. 2 Gbps upstream for data and voice and in addition, GPON have different transport by implementing Ethernet based protocol to transfer data instead of ATM. The comparison of BPON and GPON is shown in Table 1 below. [pic] Verizon uses Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) technology to provide data communication inside the resident. MoCA is installed in the ONT, Broadband Home Router, and set-top boxes and permits two-way IP data transmission over coax. By using MoCA, Verizon can reduce installation cost by using existing coax cable instead providing Ethernet cables to connect devices in the resident. [pic] Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS MoCA Verizon is using two main FTTP deployment schemes, the FTTP Overlay architecture and the FTTP Full Build. The [pic] Fig. 8. FTTP Overlay and Full Build Deployment Choice between two deployment scenarios is dependent on the specific deployment area and the likely take rates. In the FullBuild architecture, the fiber is deployed to each house and each subscriber gets an ONT together. In Overlay architecture, fiber is available to pass all homes and business in a distributed area but only a small percentage of homes and businesses are connected to and served with FTTP [7]. B. ATT U-Verse In 2006, ATT launched its U-Verse IPTV service (project lightspeed), comprising a national head-end and regional video-serving offices. ATT offered over 300 channels in 11 cities through FTTN technology. ATT utilizes copper pair to connect VRAD to Residential Gateway (RG) using xDSL technology. With U-verse, it can provide 25Mbps to home approximately 2500~4000 feet away. By using MPEG-4 H. 264 compression technique, U-verse can provide 4 simultaneous TV stream (2HD and 2 SD TV), 2 VoIP and POTS service to the resident. Figure below is U-verse architecture. [pic] Fig. 9. U-verse FTTN Architecture The DSL technology at its beginning stages could only deliver 6 Mbps but now with ADSL2+ and VDSL, it can provide much higher bandwidth over a single copper pair. [pic] Fig. 10. xDSL technology. The various techniques are being implemented to improve the bandwidth and physical loop length capabilities of different DSL technologies. Bonding copper cable pairs can provide higher bandwidth by terminating 2 copper cable pairs together to act as 1 larger copper pair. ADSL2+ and VDSL is bonded together to provide higher bandwidth. VDSL can provide higher throughput than ADSL2+ however, it can only support short loop length. There is newest xDSL technology standard VHDSL2, which approved in February 2006, can provide bandwidth of 200 Mbit/s but maximum distance of 300 meters. xDSL technology goal is to provide VDSL speed with longer loop length [4]. The various different xDSL technology characteristics are shown in table below. TABLE 2. xDSL SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS. pic] ATT typically uses mix of xDSL technologies to deliver broadband service to subscribers. Mainly ADSL2+ from the central office and VDSL2 from the VRAD through FTTN fiber based technology. C) Cable TV to IPTV Transition Cable companies are the largest subscription television service provider in the world and can easily integrate IPTV services to their existing infrastructure. In cable TV infrastructure, there are two main categories of digital video services: broadcast and on-demand Broadcast service defined as a service in which one copy of a program is sent to all subscriber in a broadcast manner. Broadcast services include : – Digital broadcast- Encoded/compressed programs are sent to a subscriber’s STB, where they are decoded/uncompressed for playback on a TV. All programs are transmitted regardless of which programs are currently watched by the customer – Switched digital video (SDV) – SDV is similar to digital broadcast but only requested programs are sent to a subscriber group. This group typically consists of all the subscribers served by HFC node which can serve range o 125 to 2000 subscribers. SDV is first two-way communication with subscriber for program selection. The digital broadcast architecture begins with the polling the content in the headend from satellite and terrestrial sources. The acquired content is generally forward to a multifunction media processing device performing following three functions: – Statmux – performs statistical time-devision multiplexing of real-time video content from various sources. – Groomer – adjust rates of content into a maximum bandwidth and limiting the rate of video burst – Splicer – inserts ads into programming breaks as needed for a regional market. [pic] Fig. 11. CATV Architecture. The content is then forwarded across IP transport network to an IP-enabled quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM), where video content is encrypted and forward to STB for the customer. An out-of-band (OOB) channel provides the STB with basic tuning information, basic tuning information, decryption keys, software upgrade, and other communications. Switched Digital Video (SDV) was designed as a cost-effective method to expand bandwidth capacity in a way different than plant upgrades or better video compression method. Traditional digital broadcast sends all the channels into the HFC network but with SDV, programming terminates at the headend (VHO) or hub (VSO) and does not send channel unless it’s requested. When an SDV program is selected, tuning software in the receiver sends an upstream message and SDV session manager receives the quest and maps the program to a frequency within the allocated pool. If the program is already being viewed within the same subscriber group, the task is as simple as reusing the existing session frequency information. On-Demand service is an interactive service where a requested video program is streamed to one subscriber. All on-demand content is encoded/compressed and stored on server to be received by individual subscriber’s request. On-demand services include following: – Video on demand- Content is stored on a server and subscriber views a list of titles and requests to view a specific title. The VOD system authorizes and streams the requested content to the requested user. – Network-based personal video record (nPVR) – this service is like home PVR except the content is on the service provider network. A subscriber uses the STB to record specific content to record and watches content at a user-chosen time which is same manner as VOD. pic] Fig. 12. Integrated Cable Video Service Architecture Cable IPTV architecture needs three newly added components to enable IPTV to their customers: Cable modem (CM), Cable Modem Termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM). [pic] Fig. 13. Cable IPTV Architecture The CMTS and CM provide a two-way IP over DOCSIS transpo rt in the HFC network. Cable Companies are moving toward M-CMTS technology, which can separate, MAC and PHY layer to improve scalability of DOCSIS transport unlike traditional CMTS where both MAC and PHY layer in a single device. In order to utilize IPTV in Cable company network, IP STBs or other IPTV capable devices must be able to receive video over IP transport and remove network delay variation. Major Cable companies are finding hybrid STBs as attractive solution for IPTV. The Hybrid STB with an embedded cable modem can receive video from either IP path or traditional QAM/RF transport path, which is good strategy to migrate from traditional cable architecture to IPTV. Admission control in Cable IPTV can be applied to both the IP network from the video source to the CMTS, and the HFC network between the QAM and the CM through PCMM policy server. Policy server in DOCSIS networks defines QoS policies for CMTS to enforce them. Admission control signaling can be categorized as off-path and on-path. Off-path is when the control path is different from the data path and on-path signaling traverses the data path for bandwidth requests that use the commonly selected Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP). In order to provide better IPTV services to the customers, Cable industry must improve bandwidth efficiency in the last mile. The biggest recent innovation to optimize available bandwidth is SDV but additional solutions are becoming more important as cable company transition to IPTV service. QAM sharing holds great promise of improving bandwidth efficiency without the need of major change in their current infrastructure. However, there are several factors contribute to the bandwidth efficiency of QAM sharing: †¢ Even if SDV and VOD have the same peak hours, a viewer is likely to receive only one service at a time. †¢ The gain of QAM sharing comes from the statistical advantage of a bigger QAM pool, shared by two or more services. †¢ Differing peak hours of DOCSIS and video service contribute additional gains. For instance, the spectrum allocated for DOCSIS commercial services during the day may by reallocated for video services in the evening. Dynamic QAM sharing is being realized through new technologies and standards for the following reasons: †¢ The DOCSIS M-CMTS architecture, which separates the DOCSIS MAC and PHY protocol layers. This allows the PHY layer (specifically the QAMs) to be dynamically allocated and de-allocated. †¢ The recent emergence of universal QAMs, which can function as either MPEG video QAMs or DOCSIS QAMs. †¢ Standardization in edge QAM resource management. pic] Fig. 14. Dynamic QAM Sharing with M-CMTS Architecture ERMI specifies several interfaces to an edge resource manager (ERM). The ERM is a plat- form that manages and leases QAM channel bandwidth for all applications: †¢ ERMI-1 is an interface for edge devices to register QAM channels to the ERM and notify the ERM of any QAM failures or state changes. †¢ ERMI-2 is an interface for the ERM to bind the QAM resources from an edge device to the resource allocation request. †¢ ERMI-3 is an interface for the M-CMTS core to allocate QAM-channel andwidth from the ERM. Variable bit rate (VBR) video provides considerable bit saving compared to constant bit rate (CBR) video. WITH VBR statistical multiplexing, Cable Company can save as much as 30 percent of bandwidth by just varying the output data per time segment. Recently, DOCSIS 3. 0 was release to compete with Telco companies FTTx deployment and it is redefined the communication between cable modem (CM) located at subscriber premises and cable modem termination system (CMTS) at cable service provider’s network headend. DOCSIS 3. are design to allow channel bonding to boost up network throughput and number of bonded channel is usually 4 or 8. With DOCSIS 3. 0 standard, it can provide 300 Mbps download and 100 Mbps upload [8]. TABLE 3. DOCSIS 3. 0 Standards and Characteristics [pic] D) Netflix OTT IPTV System and Architecture Netflix is the leading provider of OTT on-demand internet video streaming in the US and Canada with more than 23 million subscribers. Netflix can stream out HD quality video with average bitrate of 3. 6 Mbps and it is single largest source of Internet traffic in the US by consuming 29. % of peak download traffic. [pic] Fig. 15. Netflix Architecture Designing large-scale network infrastructure to support fast growing video streaming platform with high availability and scalability is technically challenging. The Majority Netflix infrastructure used to be hosted in its own datacenter but recently resorted to the use of cloud services, Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), and other public computing services. Amazon AWS cloud is being utilized by replacing its in house IT infrastructure along with SimpleDB, S3 and Cassandra for file storage. Video streaming is distributed out of multiple content distributed networks (CDNs), UltraDNS, and a public DNS service is used as its authoritative DNS servers. Microsoft Silverlight is employed as the video playback platform for Netflix desktop users and Netflix manages to build its IPTV with little infrastructure of its own. †¢ Netflix data centers – Netflix uses its own IP address space for the host name www. netflix. com. This server primarily handles registration of new user accounts and captures payment information and redirect users to movies. etflix. com or signup. netflix. com. This server does not interact with the client when handling movie request and playback. †¢ Amazon Cloud service – Most of the Netflix servers are served from various Amazon cloud services and key functions are content ingestion, log recording/analysis, DRM, CDN routing, user sign-in, and mobile device support †¢ Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) – Netflix utilize multiple CDNs to deliver the video content to the subscriber. The encoded and DRM protected videos are stored in Amazon cloud and copied to CDNs. The three main CDNS are Akamai, LimeLight, and Level-3. These three servers provide same quality level content to all the subscribers. †¢ Player – Netflix employ Silver light to download, decode and play Netflix movies on desktop web browser. There are different players for mobile phones and other devices such as Wii, PS3, Xbox, Roku, etc. Netflix utilize Dynamic Streaming over HTTP (DASH) protocol for streaming. In DASH, each video is encoded at several different quality levels and is divided into small chunks. The client requests one video chunk at a time via HTTP. With each download, it measures the received bandwidth and runs a rate determination algorithm to determine the quality of the next chunk request. It allows the player to freely switch between different quality levels depending on the bandwidth of subscriber. TABLE 4. KEY NETFLIX HOSTNAME [pic] Netflix Client player have many functions to improve its performance and quality of experience (QOE). Netflix video streaming is controlled by instruction in a manifest file, which Silverlight client downloads. This metafile provides the DASH player metadata to conduct the adaptive video streaming capability. It is client-specific and generated according to each client’s playback and bandwidth capability. It is in XML format and contains several key pieces of information including list of the CDNs, location of trickplay data, video/audio chunk URLs for multiple quality level, and timing parameters such as time-out interval, polling interval and other data to provide QoE to users. Manifest files ranks CDNs to indicate which CDNS are preferred for content delivery. Trickplay is achieved by downloading a set of thumbnail images for periodic snapshot during network congestion [15]. IPTV multicasting protocol In early IP networks, a packet could be sent either in unicast (single device) or broadcast (all devices). With multicast, single transmission for a group of devices is possible. Multicast transmissions enable efficient communication between groups of devices by allowing Data to be transmitted to a single multicast IP address and received by the group of interest. Multicast over IPTV network presents many challenges related to reservation of resource and maintaining quality of experience (QoE). Backbone can be built based on IP/MPLS and the routers can be enabled for multicast using IGMP protocols. Before going into detail of multicast protocol in IPTV, we will discuss multicast protocol in detail and how it can help IPTV through multicast mechanism. TABLE 5. IGMPV2 AND IGMPV3 MAJOR DIFFERENCE [pic] The IGMP was defined to allow a host computer to select a stream from a group of multicast streams a user request. Following is the basic functions IGMP protocol: †¢ Join: an IGMP host indicates that it wants to receive information from a multicast group to become a member. †¢ Leave: An IGMP host indicates that it no longer wishes to receive information from a multicast group. Query: An IGMP router can ask the hosts which groups they are member of. This is done to verify a JOIN/LEAVE request or to look for error conditions. Queries maybe be: o Specific Query: Asks whether the host is a member of a specific multicast group o General Query: Asks the host to indicate all groups that it belongs to †¢ Membership Report: an IGMP host tells the IGMP host what group it belong s to. This report can be either: o Solicit Membership Report: Sent in response to a QUERY o Unsolicited Membership Report: initiated by the client. In the IPTV network, each broadcast TV channel is an IP multicast group. The subscriber changes the channel by leaving one group and joining a different group. IGMPv1 is not suitable for IPTV because it does not include an explicit â€Å"Leave† capability. The client will continue to receive all requested stream until the multicast router issues next query. The standard for IGMPv2 and IGMPv3 major difference is shown in Table 5. IGMPv2 supports Any Source Multicast (ASM) networks and which allows host to specify which multicast group it wishes to join. Most deployed IPTV clients supports IGMPv2. The Major enhancement in IGMPv3 is that it allows Support Specific Multicast (SSM). Host can specify the source address it wants to listen to. Here’s basic IGMP operation involving two devices: †¢ IGMP host (client or STB) – issues messages to join or leave a multicast group. The client also responds to queries from the multicast router. †¢ IGMP router – responds to the join and leave messages to determine if multicast groups should be forward out an interface. Periodic queries are used to discover from error conditions and verify requests. The IGMP router receives multicast groups either through the use of a multicast protocol such as PIM or static flooding. It is the termination point for IGMP messages and does not send any IGMP information to its upstream neighbors. [pic] Fig. 16. DSL Access Network IPTV Service In xDSL IPTV architecture, the subscriber initiates channel change requests and responds to status inquiries. The Routing Gateway (RG) at the subscriber’s site and DSLAM aggregate traffic from multiple subscribers in order to act on request from the STB. However, IGMP networks were not originally designed to have networking equipment between IGMP client and the IGMP routers. This creates some challenges to the multicast implementation: – Excessive multicast traffic: When delivering high bandwidth IPTV over broadband network, it is important to ensure that IPTV channels are forward only to those subscriber currently viewing them since bandwidth is scarce. If the intermediate devices are unaware of IGMP flows then all multicast traffic is broadcast out all ports – Excessive IGMP traffic: Extra bandwidth is consumed as IGMP flows are broadcast to across the network. A single STB IGMP request can result in responses from thousands of IGMP peer clients. – Excessive time to Leave a group: With small spare bandwidth in broadband networks, Leave request often must be processed before additional join request can be served. To mitigate above challenges, several techniques are proposed and developed in intermediary devices: Local Replication, Proxy routing, Proxy Reporting, and Immediate Leave. Local replication, IGMP snooping from DSLAM, allows DSLAM to inspect incoming IGMP Join and Leave request and take appropriate action. If the channel being requested to view is already being received at the DSLAM, it will replicate the stream and forward to the subscriber. The DSLAM builds a table to track which channel are being forwarded to each port. [pic] Fig. 17. DSLAM with IGMP Snooping Proxy routing works by allowing intermediate device (DSLAM) takes active role of terminating all IGMP flows. This makes DSLAM to act as IGMP host and responds to all incoming requests. DSLAM will recreate the IGMP request and use its own IP address as source. The major benefit of proxy routing is scaling since router is not aware of individual subscribers. [pic] Fig. 18. IGMP Proxy Routing Proxy Reporting reduces the number of IGMP packets flowing across the network by selectively dropping IGMP packets that are not need to be forwarded. The Proxy Reporting can be subdivided to two categories: Query Suppression and Report Suppression. Query Suppression reduces traffic between the DSLAM and the subscriber premises by having the DSLAM intercept and respond to IGMP queries sent by the router. DSLAM will never send a specific query to any clients and forward general queries only to those client receiving at least one multicast group. [pic] Fig. 19. Query Suppression. Report Suppression reduces traffic from DSLAM to the router by having DSLAM aggregate the response. The DSLAM can intercept IGMP reports coming from STB and forwards a summarized version to the IGMP router only when it is necessary. There are two categories of reports. Unsolicited membership reports are forward when first subscriber joins a multicast group or last subscriber leaves a multicast group. This tells router to begin or stop sending channel to this DSLAM. Solicited membership reports are forward once per multicast group. The DSLAM will aggregate multiple responses together into a single membership report to save bandwidth. [pic] Fig. 20. Report Suppression Immediate leave alleviate IPTV challenge to change channel rapidly. The standard IGMP Leave operation for channel change is as follow: – The STB sends a request to leave one multicast group – Router responds by issuing Membership Query to confirm the request. The STB responds with a Membership Report which does not include the multicast group By implementing immediate leave, STB can leave the multicast group by just simply sending a request to leave one multicast group [16]. [pic] Fig. 21. Standard IGMP Leave and Immediate Leave. The emerging IPTV deployments utilize Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) in order to deliver media content. Unlike UDP, RTP protocol can provide sequence numbers to maintain pac ket ordering and detect losses, and timing information to determine network delay and synchronize timing between senders and receivers. RTP control protocol maintains session state between senders and receivers and report sender and receiver statistics bi-directionally [17]. The rapid acquisition is illustrated in the Fig 22 flow diagram below. [pic] Fig. 22. Rapid Acquisition Flow Diagram 1) The RTP receiver sends a Multicast Leave message to its upstream multicast router to leave the current multicast session and end the currently viewed channel. 2) The RTP receiver sends a feedback message to the feedback target asking for rapid acquisition for the session it wants to join. In this feedback message, the RTP receiver can specify its specific requirements. ) The retransmission server receives the feedback message and decides whether or not to accept the request. If the retransmission server accepts the request, it sends a message to the RTP receiver that describes the burst that the retransmission server will generate and send, including the indication when the RTP receiver should join the new multicast session. The unicast burst stream consists of retransmission of a specific block of packets which will allow the RTP receiver to begin displaying video without waiting for a certain random access point to arrive in the multicast flow. If the retransmission server denies the request, it informs the RTP receiver immediately. 4) If the retransmission server accepts the request, it transmits the unicast burst data and any additional message(s) needed to carry the key information about the new channel. The key information is used to prime the decoder inside the IPTV STB so that it can start decoding sooner. The unicast burst continues at a higher than natural rate until the unicast burst catches up with the real-time multicast flow. The sustainable burst rate depends on the access network link characteristics. ) At the appropriate moment (as indicated or computed from the burst parameters), the RTP receiver joins the new multicast session by sending a Multicast Join message to its upstream multicast router. 6) The RTP receiver starts receiving the multicast flow and completes the rapid acquisition. The STB will not join multicast session immediately with rapid acquisition since there would not be enough available left over on the access link. By utilizing unicast burst sent from the retransmission server o catch up with the multicast flow in a reasonable amount of time before joining to multicast group allows faster channel switching capability rather than joining multicast group immediately [18]. Cloud Computing service in IPTV IPTV videos can be delivered to subscribers through various different network structures. For many years, Proxy servers have been utilized to decrease network traffic and delays through high speed and robust connection. Telco companies are looking for ways to keep service calls rejections to minimum through cloud service for on-demand IPTV service. Figure below shows on-demand IPTV service for cloud architecture. pic] Fig. 23. On-demand IPTV cloud services Video can be streamed from any of the virtual servers by load balancing among server and handle peak loads by avoid overload to achieve continuous, high utilization levels of servers. Virtual servers can provide low cos t computing resources. The Virtual server acts like a dedicated server but it co-reside on a single physical machines acting as multiple physical dedicated server. However, if too many virtual servers reside on the single physical machine, services may face problem due to scarce computing resource per virtual server. Virtual storage through cloud computing allow easy share of resources among themselves. Physical storage is virtualized into virtual disk, which allows storage consolidation across heterogeneous vendors and protocols, enabled by dynamically growing and shrinking of storage through live migration, in the enterprise storage area network to be used by applications [22]. F uture application of IPTV The key to differentiating IPTV from traditional TV service of VOD and Network-based personal video record (nPVR) is the real-time interactive application and social TV. With FTTx or Gigabit Ethernet providing more bandwidth in broadband network allows new killer application to maximize the value of the IPTV service. A) SayUTV SayUTV service allows users’ participation into TV sports, discussion, variety show, and so on. SayUTV allow mixing their video and sources into provider’s content to allow maximum interactive and customize IPTV content. The subscriber can click participation button on SayUTV GUI. After service provider or host of the content allows his/her participation, the subscriber’s audio and video content is mixed into program’s content. All the viewer of the content can view the participant’s image and voice. [pic] Fig. 26. SayUTV Service System Architecture SayUTV service divides the role of users into three major roles: †¢ Controller – who creates a service session and has a control over that session. †¢ Participants – who joins the session and contributes his/her own multimedia content. †¢ Simple Viewer – who enjoys this service in a passive way [pic] Fig. 27. SayUTV Implementation. SayUTV is an advanced IPTV service, which combined with bidirectional multimedia communication technologies allowing interactive user-participation [20]. B) IPTV Interactive Online Shopping In order for IPTV service provider to maximize the profit from IPTV service require smart ad insertion based on customers’ preference. TV series and sports media are well known for effective product advertisement aid. Apparels worn by a main actress of TV series or MVP sports athletes have greater potential for larger sales than conventional display by online shopping website. In order to provide customer’s shopping craving while watching TV series or sports event is to add additional information to the product description field such as TV series name, and character or athletes name. This will allow customers place some tags on that particular product through watching particular TV series or service provider can collect customers’ preference based on content and insert smart ad targeting each subscriber. [pic] Fig. 28. Shopperama Service Screen in Korea Shopperama is OTT provider in Korea providing series, which have broadcasted through a TV station, online along with smart ad insertion. The apparels worn by main actors and products inside the episode are displayed in a synchronized manner with video content as shown in Fig 25. This allows customer to shop for products very easily while watching TV series and reduce customer’s burden of trying to find particular product [21]. To improve interactive online shopping with IPTV service still needs many enhancements to fully flourish in E-business model. Behavior targeting content to users is estimate to be 20 billion dollar industry and in order for IPTV interactive online shopping to gain market share requires smart integration of cross layer platforms. C) Final Remarks With IPTV service deployment, Cable Company is afraid of cord-cutting case. The IPTV service is gaining popularity amongst consumer and there are many opportunities for new killer application to integrate with IPTV service. In this paper, we described current IPTV architecture in the market and presented recent efforts to improve IPTV technology. Emerging IPTV mobile systems are also gaining a lot of attention and consumer trends demonstrate that IPTV will continue to be in demand. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Prof. G K Chang for giving me an opportunity to work on this topic and learn more about multicast protocol to provide IPTV service. I was able to learn more about IPTV architecture and current trend in network research in video streaming protocol. References 1] â€Å"IPTV and the Future of Video Services† [online] Available: http://www. employees. org/~acbegen/files/IPTV_Tutorial_CCNC_2010_abegen. pdf 2] â€Å"U. S. Multichannel Subscriber Update and Geographic Analysis,† white paper, SNL Kagan, Dec. 2012. 3] Ali C. Begen, â€Å"Error control for IPTV over xDSL networks,† in Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC), Special Session on IPTV Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, NV, Jan. 008 4] A. Yarali and A. Cherry, â€Å"Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). † In TELCON 2005 2005 IEEE Region 10, 2005, pp. 1-6. 5] Doverspike, R. ; Guangzhi Li; Oikonomou, K. N. ; Ramakrishnan, K. K. ; Sinha, R. K. ; Dongmei Wang; Chase, C. ; , â€Å"Designing a Reliable IPTV Network,† Internet Computing, IEEE , vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 15-22, May-June 2009 6] Finn, J. ; , â⠂¬Å"PON Technology in the Verizon Network,† Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1-5, Nov. 30 2008-Dec. 4 2008 doi: 10. 1109/GLOCOM. 008. ECP. 1076 7] M. Abrams, P. C. Becker, Y. Fujimoto, V. O’Byrne, and D. Piehler,â€Å"FTTP deployments in the United States and Japan—Equipment choices and service provider imperatives,† J. Lightw. Technol. , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 236–246, Jan. 2005. 8] CableLabs, â€Å"Modular CMTS Interfaces,† http://www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 9] CableLabs, â€Å"Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification,† http://cablemodem. com/ 10] CableLabs PacketCable, â€Å"PacketCable Multimedia Specification,†2005. 11] CableLabs, â€Å"Modular CMTS Interfaces,† ttp://www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 12] CableLabs, â€Å"DOCSIS 3. 0 Interface Specification,† 2007. 13] CableLabs, â€Å"DOCSIS M-CMTS Downstream Exter nal PHYInterface Specification,† 2007. 14] Vasudevan, S. V. ; Xiaomei Liu; Kollmansberger, K. ; , â€Å"IPTV Systems, Standards and Architectures: Part II – IPTV Architectures for Cable Systems: An Evolutionary Approach,† Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 102-109, May 2008 15] Adhikari, V. K. ; Yang Guo; Fang Hao; Varvello, M. ; Hilt, V. ; Steiner, M. Zhi-Li Zhang; , â€Å"Unreeling netflix: Understanding and improving multi-CDN movie delivery,† INFOCOM, 2012 Proceedings IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1620-1628, 25-30 March 2012 16] â€Å"Introduction to IGMP for IPTV Networks,† White Paper, Juniper Network. , 2007 17] RFC 3550, â€Å"RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. † [Online]. Available: http://www. ietf. org/rfc/rfc3550. tx 18] Mignon, M. ; Bouckhout, K. ; Gahm, J. ; Begen, A. C. ; , â€Å"Scaling server-based channel-change acceleration to millions of IPTV subscribers,† Packet Video Workshop (PV), 20 12 19th International , vol. no. , pp. 107-112, 10-11 May 2012 doi: 10. 1109/PV. 2012. 6229721 19] Phooi Yee Lau; Sungkwon Park; Joonhee Yoon; Joohan Lee; , â€Å"Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service: An IPTV case,† Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010 20] Park, I. K. ; Seung Hun Oh; Sim Kwon Yoon; Ho Young Song; , â€Å"An implementation of user-participated interactive IPTV service system,† Consumer Electronics, 2008. ISCE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on , vol. no. , pp. 1-3, 14-16 April 2008 21] Jonghoon Chun; , â€Å"Interacitve Online Shopping Innovation,† Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI), 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on , vol. , no. , pp. 104, 23-25 May 2011 22] Phooi Yee Lau; Sungkwon Park; Joonhee Yoon; Joohan Lee; , â€Å"Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service: An IPTV case,† Electronics and Informati on Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010 How to cite The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video, Papers

Long-term Care Services free essay sample

Long-term care includes nursing home facilities as well as home care agencies and assisted living facilities. Who uses long-term care services? Why do they use them? Mainly the elderly (considered age 65 or older) population uses long-term care services; however, there are those who are younger and mainly physically or mentally handicapped. However, those who use long-term care services are those who require additional assistance or recovery time. Examples of some situations in which an individual needs long-term services would be someone who is recovering from/adjusting to chronic diseases/injuries and disabilities, both mental and physical. There are those individuals who are younger that have developed chronic illnesses that has left them needing the care of skilled, licensed personnel and is more extensive than their family can provide. How has long-term care changed in recent years? Years ago family would care for the elderly once they reached a point in their lives when they needed additional assistance and care and became unable to care for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Long-term Care Services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Facilities were used mainly for elderly people, those who were mentally ill, or those who were poor and had no place to go. Today long-term care facilities are used for individuals of any age, in any financial class who need professional help in performing their ADLs (activities of daily living) for a longer length of time than a hospital is able to provide. Many times these facilities are used as rehabilitation facilities where people can go for strengthening and assistance in order to reach their ultimate goal of returning to home. Should Marys family members authorize the double-hip replacement? Taking into consideration Mary’s age, I do not feel as though her family members should authorized the double-hip replacement. Mary has advancing memory loss and her dementia has been bad for some time. She is not able to get around on her own, so the idea of putting Mary though the surgery, which at this stage of Mary’s life can be extremely life threatening, is not practical. Mary’s family should opt for pain management for Mary, especially since the extensive recovery post hip replacement surgery is not something Mary will be able to endure, if Mary were to make it through surgery given her heart condition. What factors should be considered? There are many factors to be considered when Mary’s family thinks about putting her through the surgery and then recovery of double-hip replacement. First, there is the financial burden it will cause, both with surgery and then post recovery time and rehabilitative services that will be required, ultimately at an outside facility other than the hospital. There is also the consideration of Mary’s health. Her current age and health status weigh against Mary making it through any kind of surgery, especially one this extensive which often results in large amounts of blood loss. Also, there may not be a surgeon willing to consider doing surgery on Mary because of her age and medical conditions. She would need to be cleared by many different medical services prior to surgery, and she may not get that clearance, but there would still be the financial burden associated with attempting to get clearance. Will the hip replacement benefit Mary in any way? She is already not getting around on her own, and with her dementia, it makes it unlikely that she will be able to provide care for herself.

Spring Silkworms Essay Research Paper Spring Silkworms free essay sample

Spring Silkworms Essay, Research Paper Spring Silkworms # 8220 ; Spring Silkworms # 8221 ; reflected the life in a small town where for 100s of old ages the form of mundane life seemed to hold remained mostly unbroken. It besides inspires a batch of societal qualities. The feelings that the narrative mourned over are really cosmopolitan and common in people during that clip. All the household in the small town ran a silkworm concern. They were ran by their ain household excessively because engaging people would be more money. Family member was decidedly the cheapest and safest human resource. Old T # 8217 ; ung Pao # 8217 ; s household was rather successful when he was immature. However, the phosphoric did non keep after a coevals. Yet, the construction and adversity of his household continued to mirror the rigidness of traditional Chinese society. They borrowed money to purchase more mulberry trees for the silkworms. After they had sold the silk, they would refund portion of the debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Spring Silkworms Essay Research Paper Spring Silkworms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is neer plenty to cover the whole debt because the crop was ever worse than they expected. Even if they had a great crop on the cocoons, there would non be adequate people to whirl the silk. They were neer be able to acquire out of debt. It is astonishing how they managed to last under such hapless economic system. Thingss such as foretelling crop by the sum of sprouts that a garlic put out, the manner they isolated Lotus believing that she would convey bad fortune to them merely because her household had a bad crop, and Huang # 8217 ; s involvement in Taoism, they were all somehow contemplation of Mao # 8217 ; s fondness. Just around the same period of clip, he has been promoting the provincials for abandoning the worship of Gods and rejecting Buddhism. T # 8217 ; ung Pao hated the aliens. Since they brought in foreign goods in, in other words, they brough in competitions. The planetary power seemed to hold shifted irrevocably from East to West since the Opium War in 1842, in a clang of civilizations amid an ambiance of ignorance an vitamin D haughtiness on both sides. Of class the Chinese believed themselves as the â€Å"good guys† and the British as â€Å"the bad cats. T’ung Pao and his small town besides possessed this skewed nonreversible position on the aliens merely because their concern was affected. His friend told him that Kuomingtang authorities was traveling to â€Å"throw out the foreign devils† . However the Westerners merely view it as a by and large unequal struggle that was. Until now, although there is no more rejection of aliens, people in China still name them â€Å"Ghosts† or â€Å"Red-head Green-eyes monsters† in merely because it has been their wont for a hundred old ages. Mao Tung # 8217 ; s authorship shows that literary platform is cosmopolitan and national, and so as feelings. The writer # 8217 ; s subject will merely be the go-between of nonsubjective factors # 8211 ; a lens transforming the of import nonsubjective facts # 8211 ; the life of the state and of the whole world. He asserted his attachment to realistic traditions. He used characters which was considered to be the chief component of a literary work and the most successful are those in whom integrity of single and general is reflected. # 8220 ; Spring Silkworms # 8221 ; reveals the feelings of the old Chinese, express their sorrows and hopes, to attest the resolute opposition of how the Old T # 8217 ; ung Pao # 8217 ; s household against the challenge of an unknown destiny. It could be said as an about existent life experience cross the clip period. However, one thing we could neer larn about from his narrative is that it did non have the grasp it deserved. He expressed the compl exness of seeing the universe but forgot about adverting his literature position. It would be no point in depicting such affair as he ever believed. They are subjective and non cosmopolitan nature and as such can non be transferred to others or made to intensively affect them. Sadly, the alleged personal trifles which are considered as non worth depicting by Mao Tun, are believed to bear no relation whatsoever to life.

Free Essays on Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System A global positioning system (GPS) consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver’s geographic location. A GPS receiver is a handheld or mountable device, which can be secured to an automobile, boat, airplane, farm and construction equipment, or a computer. Some GPS receivers send location information to a base station, where humans can give you personal directions. GPS has a variety of uses: to locate a person or object: ascertain the best route between two points; monitor the movement of a person or object; or create a map (Slifka 16-19). GPSs help scientists, farmers, pilots, dispatchers, and rescue workers operate more productively and safely. A rescue worker, for example, might use a GPS to locate a motorist stranded in a blizzard. A surveyor might use a GPS to create design maps for the construction projects. GPSs also are popular in consumer products for travel and recreational activities (Microsoft Word 2002 Project 2). Many cars use GPSs to provide drivers with directions or other information, automatically call for help if the airbag deploys, dispatch roadside assistance, unlock the driver’s side door if keys are locked in the car, and track the vehicle if it is stolen. For cars not equipped with a GPS, drivers can mount or place one in the glove compartment. Hikers and remote campers also carry GPS receivers in case they need emergency help or directions. A new use of GPS places the device on a computer chip. The chip, called Digital Angelâ„ ¢, is worn as a bracelet or chain or woven into fabric and has an antenna that communicates with a GPS satellite (Dugan and Rosen 42-50). The chip measures and sends biological information to the GPS satellite. If information relayed indicates a person needs medical attention, dispatchers can send emergency medical help immediately. Other possible uses of Digital Angelï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Global Positioning System Free Essays on Global Positioning System Global Positioning System A global positioning system (GPS) consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver’s geographic location. A GPS receiver is a handheld or mountable device, which can be secured to an automobile, boat, airplane, farm and construction equipment, or a computer. Some GPS receivers send location information to a base station, where humans can give you personal directions. GPS has a variety of uses: to locate a person or object: ascertain the best route between two points; monitor the movement of a person or object; or create a map (Slifka 16-19). GPSs help scientists, farmers, pilots, dispatchers, and rescue workers operate more productively and safely. A rescue worker, for example, might use a GPS to locate a motorist stranded in a blizzard. A surveyor might use a GPS to create design maps for the construction projects. GPSs also are popular in consumer products for travel and recreational activities (Microsoft Word 2002 Project 2). Many cars use GPSs to provide drivers with directions or other information, automatically call for help if the airbag deploys, dispatch roadside assistance, unlock the driver’s side door if keys are locked in the car, and track the vehicle if it is stolen. For cars not equipped with a GPS, drivers can mount or place one in the glove compartment. Hikers and remote campers also carry GPS receivers in case they need emergency help or directions. A new use of GPS places the device on a computer chip. The chip, called Digital Angelâ„ ¢, is worn as a bracelet or chain or woven into fabric and has an antenna that communicates with a GPS satellite (Dugan and Rosen 42-50). The chip measures and sends biological information to the GPS satellite. If information relayed indicates a person needs medical attention, dispatchers can send emergency medical help immediately. Other possible uses of Digital Angelï ¿ ½...

Types of therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Types of therapy - Research Paper Example (Berger, 2006, P.p 31-40) The substance of this prose will state and describe the different types of therapies to help clients resolve their issues. The treatment regimes that are designed to help clients overcome their issues and problems, this form of psychological intervention is either referred to as ‘Counseling’ or ‘Psychotherapy’; the latter form was devised by Sigmund Freud. This form of therapy was further developed by Carl Rogers, who laid great emphasis on a client-centered approach to further enhance the treatment. (Berger, 2006, P.p 31-40) In all psychological treatments there are a number of factors that are synonymous with all treatment and these factors include a close rapport with the therapist that is characterized by a deep confiding relationship. The therapy is conducted in a secure setting that is the therapist’s office or generally a closed environment. The therapist’s behavior is also of key importance here, as it speeds u p the process of treatment and enhances client adherence to the regimen. Therefore the therapist must always adopt an empathetic and positive attitude towards the client. As mentioned earlier there are a number of therapies that are suitable for various mental disorders. The first category of therapies is defined by the biological paradigm, whereby the client is prescribed psychotropic drugs such as anti-anxiety, anti-depressive or anti-psychotic drugs that alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. However, there are a number of drawbacks that are associated with this mode of treatment as many of these drugs may give rise to addictive behaviour and sometime the side-effects are even more adverse than the symptoms of the disorder itself. However, drug therapy has been very popular in mental and physical health settings. (Berger, 2006, P.p 31-40) Therapists have devised supportive psychotherapy that involves one-on-one counseling sessions between the clinician and the client. Analogous to the drug therapy, supportive therapy is used by clients suffering from chronic stress and other mental or physical illnesses. Supportive psychotherapy is characterized by a number of sessions over a long period of time. During these sessions the therapist carefully listens to the client, encourages emotional expression and provides an outlet for the client to get rid of the pent-up emotional and mental trauma as a result of the client’s life situations. (Ingram, 2006) This is a client-centered approach and usually ends with the therapist psychoeducating the client and advising him or her accordingly. Such client-centered counseling is effective in dealing with clients, who need social support or an outlet for their emotional ordeal. Client-centered counseling is widely used by pastoral counselors and social workers, who incorporate a non-directive approach to help the client and calmly listen to the client. The counselor clarifies and helps the client understand various is sues but leaves the choice and the entire decision-making power to the client. The prime focus on the client’s dilapidated self-esteem and increase his or her confidence. These sessions effectively help the client achieve self-actualization. (Ingram, 2006) Though, most of the therapy sessions are based on a client-centered approach, however, in Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is quite different; it is based on the cognitive model of psychiatric disorders and proposed by Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck. The therapy is largely applied on people suffering from depression

Technology Forecast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology Forecast - Research Paper Example In this prototype that was built by the scientists, the neurons are linked together in a way that makes them appear and operate like the brain cells. When data is then fed into the assembly, the neurons are able to work in a parallel manner in solving the problem. This is unlike the normal working in various devices which is usually non parallel. Due to the ability of the assembly to function in a parallel manner it can be used to solve complex computing problems (Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot, 2014). According to Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot (2014) the assembly that was made is able to classify data with different features and even recognizes data which is hand written. Moreover, it was able to distinguish plant species on the basis of flowering characteristics. This is facilitated by the parallel working of the neurons. Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot (2014) indicates that the design of the network architecture was based and inspired by the nervous system of insects that processes odor. The system is highly optimized for processing complex chemicals in a parallel manner. The chip with neurons that was used in the study by the scientists was manufactured by the Kirchhoff Institute for Physics in Heidelberg University. In order to understand the working of the network architecture that was developed by these scientists, it is imperative to first understand the characteristics of silicon neurons as they are the building blocks that were used it the new architecture. According to Merolla et al. (2011) silicon neurons are made by combining the principles of silicon engineering with the neuron physiological principle. When this is done an analog integrated circuit is produced. The analog circuit that is produced possesses functional characteristics similar to those of the human nerve cells (Indiveri, Chicca & Douglas, 2009). The silicon neuron is therefore able to effectively control the discharge and dynamics of the ions in a similar way that

Health Policy Issues and Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Policy Issues and Analysis - Article Example The arrangement ensures that ll citizens of the U.S. would be covered for all clinically necessary services such as hospital, doctor, preventive, mental health, long-term care, dental, reproductive health care and prescription drug costs. This article seeks to to declare that the ObamaCare scheme is inferior to the single-payer system. Single-payer (Nationa health care) systems are administratively less complicated. They normally spend merely a portion of what pluralistic health indemnity systems expend on administrative costs, leaving more of national health care spending for health care proper. One explanation why these systems splurge less on paperwork is that they are the superlative stage for a logical electronic information and communication infrastructure, with a universally joint organization. In the single-payer scheme, spending on heath care and utilization trends can be traced electronically. In this case, electronically transmitted health care information sidelines intermediaries that increase the cost of claims by individuals. 1 unlike the ObamaCare system, the total cost of heath care in single-payer scheme is comparatively low since a save in the administration cost will trickle down to the premium payable by the Americans. The single- payer program will be funded through dollars redeemed from replacing the current inefficient and profit oriented multiple insurance players with a solitary streamlined nonprofit public scheme. In the scheme, individuals will make contributions regarding their ability to pay. In addition, the single payer scheme eliminates all forms of premiums leading to households saving their income. Unlike the ObamaCare system where individuals are not at liberty to pick their choice hospitals or doctors, single payer system gives patient free choice of hospitals and doctors. Single-payer schemes are ideal for implementing an

Effects of the Researcher on Analysis Results

Effects of the Researcher on Analysis Results MERA HEERALAL-MAHABIR DESCRIPTION OF ASSIGNMENT Respond on the following quote â€Å"Analysis reveals the person making the analysis not really the piece itself.†, David Lodge 1935 Novelist and Playwright According to Lester (2010), â€Å"Analysis is a way of the mind that not only engages with the outside world, but also internalizes its lesson and learns from them† (pg. 115). It is the separation of an intellectual or material whole into its constituent parts for individual study. It is the dissection and careful study of a â€Å"piece† something to learn about its parts, what they do and how they are connected to each other. This study is a detailed examination of the elements or structure of some kind of text or act whether it is a poem, film, advertisement or book. Personal perspectives are important because they reveal much about the person making the comment (Lester 2010 p. 122). Some people may say that such views have limited use simply because they are so personal and subjective, and that these interpretations cannot be comprehensive beyond the individual. This, therefore, does not disclose much with regard to how others might make meaning of an image, advertisement, play or other text or acts. A noteworthy event, image or painting, that is considered a work of art mot times generate personal reaction, indicative about the culture from which it came from. I agree with the notion that an analysis is a reflection of the person making the analysis and not of the piece itself because of one’s cultural background, personal experiences, and educational status, all of which inform an individual’s opinion of a text. Fiske, (1982) states that when â€Å"the cultural groups we belong to comprise a large majority in our community or nation, we are less likely to be aware of the content of the messages they send us. Cultures shared by dominant groups often seem to be natural, normal, the way things are done. We only notice the effect of cultures that are different from our own, attending to behaviours that we label exotic or strange, misunderstandings in semiotics are considered to be the result of cultural differences and not at communication failure† (pg. 2). The decoder brings aspects of his or her cultural experience to bear upon the codes and signs which make up the text. Therefore, when members of a dominant culture decode or make meaning of something, it is more than likely that that interpretation would be similar in nature among those members. Thus text rooted in dominant ideologies can be interpreted through such ideological frames and appear natural. In this case the analysis refle cts the ideology of the text, which in this example is the dominant ideology. Such an example can be seen in the sometimes cultural rationale we ascribe to the wearing particular clothing (leather jackets or winter boots) or to food choices (KFC), as everyday rationale ascribes meaning and significance to that choice. The same meaning and significance is used by the encoders to spread that dominant ideology through the powerful media. Some may argue that this acceptance of false consciousness is the result of a lack of analysis to a particular event, text or experience but it can be considered the result of little or no analysis; it can be the result of analysis through ideological lens. Logically, if a culture shares the same codes and conventions, members will interpret and ascribe meaning that are similar. However, even people belonging the same culture may not always have the same interpretation because of personal experiences. Theorist, Stuart Hall (1980), states that meaning is not simply fixed or determined by the sender. He argues that the message is never transparent and the audience is not a passive receiver of meaning as one would like to believe. For example, a news item that features refugees from war torn Egypt that aims to provide a compassionate account of their plight does not promise that people will decode it to feel sympathetic towards the refugees. People from another war-torn country who share the same culture and religion will be sympathetic and feel strongly that other countries should help based on a humanitarian basis. On the other hand, people of another culture, say American culture (individualistic culture), may think the opposite. Anothe r example, is Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago. People who subscribe to the ‘carnival culture’ may accept a men gyrating (â€Å"wining†) on a semi-nude women in the streets of the city during the celebration. A viewer from another culture, however, say from an Islamic-Middle-Eastern country may find this act to be outrageous and shameful. Even persons who share the same Trinidadian culture may not approve of this kind of behaviour. Negative, personal experiences may also cause persons to have an undesirable attitude towards the festival of carnival. People are not entirely free agents and immune to the effects of the culture they inhabit. Thus, when people generate ,meaning from say, for example, a movie , they are inevitably affected by the culture they live in in ways of which they are unaware. The culture, in other words, speaks through them. Hall (1980) states that messages are decoded and interpreted in different ways depending on the individual’s cult ural background. An analysis is a reflection of the person making the analysis because of his personal experiences as reflected in the type of readings he makes of the subject being analysed For example, because Caribbean people had a negative historical experience of racial bias practiced by a ‘white colonial’ people, they would certainly have a kind of bias towards that race in general. Drawing on a personal example, as a teenager working at a popular bank in Port of Spain, where at that time only persons of â€Å"high colour† were employed, a brown-complexioned East Indian person like myself, had many experiences of racism displayed toward me. This would certainly carry a certain amount of bias in my analysis of any piece’ done by a ‘white’ person. So instead of taking the dominant reading for something, I might go for the negotiated or oppositional reading. According to Hall (1980), a person might decide to take a dominant-hegemonic position, where he accep ts the encoded meaning. He takes the connotated meaning from, say, a television newscast and decodes the message in terms of the referenced code in which it has been encoded. If one subscribes to an oppositional reading, he totally ignores the encoded message even though he understands it. He decodes it in a contrary way. He may also go along with the negotiated reading where he compromises between the hegemonic and oppositional views. Because an audience simply does not passively accept a text, they do not always take the dominant reading. Depending on the reading a person adopts, the analysis would be quite different in all three cases. An analysis done by someone holding an elite status, is likely to be different from that of a middle class or low-income group. Several factors may contribute to this difference. For example, if someone from this upper elite class were to analyse a painting by Cazabon, he would most likely be educated, widely-read and would have more knowledge and appreciation of the fine arts. He would most likely know the name of the artist, his other works, and the artistic style being used. The elite analyst would also probably make references to other artistic traditions and make comparisons with other artists using that style. He would perhaps compare the work being analysed with other works done locally, regionally and internationally. The analysis by the elite will be informed by his experience of being more exposed through education, communication and travel. Foreign travel will assist the elite to acquire first-hand knowledge and would be more likely to identify the genre, medium, metaphors and symbolism of the work. The low-income analyst may not have an appreciation for fine arts because he is caught up more with the daily struggles of live in order to survive such as acquiring the basic needs of food, shelter and clothing. Because of the upper class upbringing and training (education), and because one might be more widely read, one can give a more in-depth analysis of an artistic piece. The elite analyst is also likely to be more articulate. Personal perspectives are significant because they reflect much about an individual making an analysis. Whilst consideration of other views would make the analysis more comprehensive and well-rounded, it still rests with the individual analyst ‘take’ on the piece being analysed. Factors that contribute to the type of analysis that will emerge depend on the cultural background, personal experiences and educational status of the individual making the analysis. This decision however, most times is supported by the ideological influence of dominant power structures in society. Thus it can therefore, be said that analysis is a reflection of the person making the analysis and not the text or act itself. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fiske, J. (1990) Introduction to Communication Studies, Routledge: London. p. 2. Print Hall, S. (1980) â€Å"Encoding /decoding.† Culture, Media, Language. Ed. Stuart Hall et al. New York: Routledge. Print. Lester, P.M. (2011) Visual Communication: Images with messages, Wadsworth: Boston.p.122. Print. Semiotics for Beginners: Encoding/Decoding users.aber.ac.uk/dgc/Documents/S4B/sem08c.html. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. Web.

Revolution :: Russian Revolution, Social Change

Throughout history, there have been many revolutions between people and their governments. People have always wanted change, whether it be social, economic, and/or political, for people wanted control over their lives, rather than being under the rule of a powerful government. For long periods of time people lived under the rule of a powerful government but eventually they could bear no more. The American revolution and the Russian revolution both had similarities and differences, however they had one cause, which was their independence from their government. In the Russian revolution, there were no foreign powers involved, it was between the people, and the noble monarchy, however during the civil war, the white army had allies, including England, America, and France, who supplied them with arms, food, clothes, and equipment (Thompson, 199). Tsar Nicholas II held power tightly, when Europe was moving away from monarchy. All land belonged to the Tsar family, and noble landlords, while factories belonged to capitilists. At this time in Russian history, there were no labor laws established for workers. The conditions of labor in Rural, and Urban environments, were very bad. Before the revolution, the justice system made all laws in favor the ruling elite, and capitolists. The peasents were obloged to paying large taxes to landlords. The majority of the Russian population was illiterate, poor, and had no access to upper education. Land ownership, and freedom of self-government were major proponents leading up to the Russian Revolution. After the war with Japan, anti-tsarist feelings greatly increased, for the soldiers wanted peace. WWI also increased anti tsarist feelings, for the people did not achieve anything from fighting, there were great losses on battle front, living conditions became worse, and soldiers did not receive any rights after returning from the battle. After the soldiers returned from consecutive wars, autocracy was not able to control the country, and the rich and noble were not able to maintain their power. The relationship between the average citizen, and the rich and noble, reached an unbearable state because, neither workers nor peasants had any rights, and they were not allowed to make any political decisions. After WWI, and the war in Japan, the people of Russia were yearning for change, and by February 1917 protests had out broken. Many women were chanting, instead of men, for the men were at war, and the women said â€Å"End the War!, â€Å"Down with the Autocracy!†, and â€Å"Give us bread† (Hacht, Hayes, 1).